The mysteries of evolution of pigmentation in ancient animals is being revealed in surprising ways. Recently, paleontologists announced the discovery of the first evidence of pheomelanin, a pigment that turns hair red, in the fossil record.
This revelation came to light through 10 million-year-old fossil frogs, providing unique insight into the evolution of natural colors.
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Scientists have made a remarkable discovery by examining fossils of Pelophylax pueyoi, one extinct species of a large frog that inhabited Spain during the Early Miocene, approximately 23 to 5.3 million years ago.
These ancient amphibians kept traces of pheomelanin, a substance responsible for generating red hair in humans and other animals.
While this doesn't mean the frogs were necessarily reddish in color, this molecular evidence is a milestone in understanding pigmentation.
(Image: Daragh Mc Sweeney/Provision/Reproduction)
Researchers carried out innovative experiments to understand how pigments survive during the fossilization process.
They examined liver tissues taken from ancient frogs, known to contain high levels of pheomelanin. They also analyzed bird feathers of different colors, including black, red and white.
The results revealed the presence of pheomelanin in the liver tissues of ancient frogs, defying expectations regarding the survival of biomolecules during the fossilization process.
Pheomelanin, one of the types of melanin that regulates the color of hair, eyes and skin, is a yellowish-red pigment.
Unlike eumelanin, which produces dark colors, pheomelanin is responsible for blonde and red hair and pale skin.
However, this substance is toxic to animals, especially when exposed to sunlight, and can cause damage to cells.
(Image: Science Graphic Design/Reproduction)
Although the discovery was revolutionary, scientists remain intrigued by the evolution of pheomelanin and its role in the history of pigmentation.
Further research into even older fossils could provide crucial answers.
Such molecular evidence for pheomelanin in the fossil record is the first step toward understanding the evolution of natural colors and why pigments “ginger” evolve, even though they are toxic to animals.
The study highlights the importance of paleontology in understanding the complexities of evolution and the history of life on Earth, opening doors to new discoveries and questions about the past and present of our biodiversity.
