Realism in Brazil begins to create nuances in the year 1881, it is considered the inaugural year of Realism in the country. The nineteenth century was of great literary production about the realist cultural movement, with the publication of two fundamental novels that changed the course of Brazilian literature: O mulato, by Aluisio de Azevedo, the first naturalist novel in Brazil, and not we can forget Machado de Assis, who titled the first realist novel in Brazilian literature, “Posthumous Memories of Brás Cubas”. Realism begins to really extend into his works in the first two decades of the 20th century.
In this context, we cannot forget the pre-realist work of Manuel de Antonio de Almeida, who published the book “Memories of a Militia Sergeant”, 32 years before the dawn of realism in the Brazil.
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As we know, realism emerged in Brazil to reflect with great clarity the real situation and change in the economic sphere, political, cultural and especially in the social scenario, all these factors underwent transformations in the second half of the century XIX.
Brazil was going through a period of Industrial Revolution, a period that had its beginning in the century In the 18th century, it was introduced into the great production of steel, oil and electricity, which was the culmination of the era. Capitalism, the great and indomitable capitalism, structures itself and positions itself in a renovating and modern character, in light of this scenario, there were great emergences of industrial complexes in the country.
Unfortunately, nothing was done to meet the production of workers who killed themselves day by day to get the little they received, the mass of urban workers grew in great disorder, they did not share the benefits generated by the great Brazilian Industry at the time, it is not so different from the reality of the times current. With this scenario, realism appears to represent various ideological postures of various authors and thinkers of the time.
In the economic field and in the social political field, Brazil underwent significant changes, from 1800 to 1900. The Monarchy sees itself in decline, the moment is given by the great advance of the abolitionist struggle, since the war in Paraguay, the movements republicans are organized in the military milieu, the century marks the end of slave labor and the replacement by salaried labor, aimed at European immigrants who came to try to earn what little they needed in the coffee plantation, aimed at an economy of external market.
Brazilian realism goes hand in hand with the main philosophical currents of European realism at the time, as we know the movement was directly interconnected with the historical moment, reflecting on the following chains:
The main characteristics that encompass this literary movement of great importance for the time are:
OBJECTIVITY: Objectivity appears as a negation of romantic subjectivism, in this negation it shows the man facing what is in front of him and outside him, the so-called not-I.
SOCIAL CRITICISM: Criticizes bourgeois society, exploited social flaws, trademark of realism, engaged in criticism and social change.
Correction and Clarity in Language: This form of language used was to show reality in created works as it is direct and objective.
Psychological Survey of the characters: The emotions of the character and the writer are felt in the work, the main characteristic to understand the reality of that moment.
Containment of Emotions: Unlike the romantic content of the works, the realist authors did not want to show a work with too much content sentimental for readers, such as the idealization of love or the expectation of it, thus moving away from the long path between Romanticism and Realism.
Narrator's Impersonality: The third-person narrator, that is, the impersonality of the reality, while the first-person narrator puts his individual view on reality presented.
Slow Narrative: Construction of analyzes and moments of the written work it is possible to notice large stretches in the realist movement, a detailed and descriptive language BRAZILIAN AUTHORS OF REALISM:
The realist novel was extremely cultivated by Machado de Assis (1839-1908), one of the main authors of realist works, considered a novelist, chronicler, storyteller, poet and literary critic, and creator of plays, machado's realistic romantic work criticizes society based on the behavior of characters.
Machado's Works are divided into two distinct phases: Romantic or Maturity Phase and Realistic or Maturity Phase.
See more about Machado de Assis.
The works of the first phase, although they are still concentrated in the romanticism, already warned of the stage of maturation of the works, such as: The frustrated love, marriage for a simple interest, minor psychological concern, and undertones of irony, but still contained in romantic conventions, formality, and vision. of world.
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Machado's realistic proses represent the psychological analysis of the characters, leaving aside the romantic idealization of 1881, c geared towards selfishness and pessimism, extremely correct language, short sentences, short chapters and conversation technique direct with the reader, are the main characteristics of the realist works, criticizing the romantic values and the analysis of society:
Born in Angras dos Reis, RJ, in 1863. Raul graduated in law, was an abolitionist, and in 1888 he published his first successful work, “O Ateneu”, which marked his entry into Brazilian literature. It took a life of several good and even bad nuances for the writer, got involved in several polemics and was slandered in the journalistic media, faced with this scenario, entered a depressed state, abandoned by friends, in 1895, on Christmas Day, commit suicide.
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Artur was born in São Luis (Maranhao), founded the Brazilian Academy of Letters (ABL) together with his brother Aluizio de Azevedo, another writer well known for his works, he was a playwright, translator, journalist, poet, short story writer, that is, the writer was of great intelligence and knew how to adapt to various aspects of literature, he died in 1908.
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