O Romanticism emerged as a literary school in Europe from the last 25 years of the 18th century. The definitive foundations of the school were consolidated with the publication of the Romance Werther, by Goethe, published in Germany in 1774, with this work launches unprecedented romantic sentimentality and suicide as escapism.
In England, on the other hand, romanticism manifests itself in the early years of the 19th century, highlights for works poetics considered ultra romantic by Lord Byron, and views to the historical novel Ivanhoé, by Walter Scott. As we can see, Germany and England played the main role in relation to the new literary school, France played the role of dissemination.
The literary school had its emergence after the French revolution, that is, right after this fact, the bourgeoisie ascends to power and romantic art grows to meet bourgeois needs, that is, romanticism gives voice to the class dominant.
Romanticism had a great influence on literature, painting, music and architecture, a movement opposed to classicism, rationalism and enlightenment.
Index
In the romantic era, or rather in romanticism, everything that was opposed to the classic was considered romantic, the models of classical antiquity were replaced by the middle ages, giving rise to the rise of the bourgeoisie, opposing the erudite and noble character, leading an art full of popularism, folklore and the national.
With the release of the shackles placed by the bourgeoisie, that is, by the noble class, romanticism becomes become popular, and this populism happens through the serials, with a literature entirely more accessible.
Romanticism leaves aside the formal aspects of classicism, are we going to see any differences between them?
| ROMANTICISM | CLASSISM |
| There was no model to follow | Follows classic pattern |
| Individualism | idea of universality |
| personal and subjective view | Classic antiquity |
| Christianity | Paganism |
| The strong imaginative tendency / Folklore sensitivity / Sentimentalist and subjective image of men and women / Free and white verses | Intelligence / Reason Erudition / Rational image of man and woman / Perfectionism of form |
Romantic Nationalism manifests itself mainly in the exaltation of the native nature, the return to the historical past, the great battles, the epic events, and the creation of the national hero present in European literatures, demonstrated as brave, beautiful knights Medieval times.
Nature in nationalism is presented in different ways and with different meanings for the romantics, as an extension of the homeland, a refuge from life troubled urban centers of the nineteenth century, growths of the poet himself and especially paying attention to his emotional state of mind and feelings.
They are extremely exaggerated emotions, without limits, a lot of sentimentality, an endless wave of love, of great intensity, pain, suffering, ego defeat, frustrations, boredom. In this characteristic, the individual becomes the center of attention, egocentrism as the center, the romantic creates a world in which he idealizes people and moments, that is, a totally subjective interpretation of reality.
The romantic in his loss feels frustrated, plunges into depression, homesickness for childhood, idealizing society, women, love, and the most radical, death.
Portuguese Romanticism begins with the publication of the work “Camões”, a poem from 1825, by Almeida Garret, the literary school extended in Portugal until the middle of 1865, this occurred when the Portuguese began to experience the Coimbra issue, an issue that involved romantics and realists, with the victory of the realistic.
The first nuances of Portuguese romanticism intertwined with the political struggles between liberals and conservatives, this scenario led the Portuguese to civil war (1832-1834). The victory was given to bourgeois liberalism, and with it the power of the monarchy diminished and the absolutist censorship, an environment that served as a foothold for the dissemination of new ideas romantic
In Portugal, romanticism was divided into two major phases: First generation, characterized by neoclassical authors, these authors responsible for consolidating the new style, we can highlight two outstanding authors (Almeida Garret and Alexandre Herculaneum)
And the last phase, characterized by the second generation, it presents the radicalization of certain postures romantic, with it came the name of ultra-romantic, the main writer was Camilo Castelo Branco.
See too: Socialism.
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