at the end of the century XVIII It happened to first industrial revolution at England.
THE Industrial Revolution it was one of the most important events in human history and radically transformed the lives of people around the world. While it began in Great Britain, its effects spread to other parts of Europe, the Americas and now parts of Asia. Overall, the Industrial Revolution unfolded into a series of stages that historians call the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution.
THE First Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century and focused mainly on textile manufacturing and steam power. During this period, inventors from Europe and the United States created devices and machines that mechanized production. For example, steam was a vital invention important to the revolution because it lessened the need for manual labor. The first steam engine was created by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Newcomen produced items for tin mine owners, who often complained that they were struggling to cope with flooding in their mines. Traditional mine dewatering methods were slow and laborious. Newcomen realized that he could help tin mine owners. He developed a pump engine that used a piston in a cylinder; it was the first of its kind. In the 1760s, James Watt improved and perfected the design initially produced by Thomas Newcomen. In 1764, Watt received a Newcomen steam engine for repair. He started working on it and soon realized it was inefficient. As a result, Watt wanted to improve the design. He was successful and found a way to prevent steam escaping from the engine by adding a separate condensing chamber. Watt patented his new steam engine design and paved the way for other mechanical design work
Textile manufacturing benefited from the effects of the First Industrial Revolution and there were several inventions that simplified the manufacturing process. In 1733, watchmaker John Kay invented the space shuttle, which replaced the portable shuttle used in weaving. His invention sped up the weaving process and allowed for faster production, so weavers outperformed spinners. In 1764 James Hargreaves, a carpenter, developed a way to speed up spinning. He did this by attaching multiple spindles to a single swivel wheel. Using this spinning jenny, as it was called, a person could spin several threads at once. In 1769, Richard Arkwright developed a spinning machine, called a water frame, which could hold up to 100 spindles and was capable of producing strong yarn. The machine replaced the need for manual labor and allowed for the production of cheap spun cotton by using moving water from a stream or river. It was important at the time because cotton was used for clothing and other everyday items. In 1793, the American Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin – a machine that automated and accelerated the separation of cottonseed from short-fiber cotton fiber. The invention helped the British cotton industry because it increased cotton production and made it cheaper. Samuel Slater is considered the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution” when he introduced British industrial techniques to American textile factories in the late 18th century. Slater, who was born in England, arrived in the United States in 1789 and, having memorized many of the techniques used in British factories, used its knowledge to develop similar production methods in the States United. For example, he helped a young fabric factory in Rhode Island in 1793 with the operation of its spindle structure. Soon, Slater's designs were spreading across the east coast of the United States into numerous other textile operations.
The initial focus of industrialization was on textiles; cloth was needed by almost everyone. Primitive textiles were produced by a system of "home industry" (or "putting-out") in which a central agent, the factor, would supply raw cotton and oversee the work of the various units of production. Individual families, usually wives and daughters of farms, would dominate a part of the process – spinning, dyeing, weaving and so on.
These decentralized means of production would become obsolete through the actions of people like Samuel Slater and Francis Cabot Lowell.
At the London Exhibition of 1851, although organized to showcase advances in science and technology British industrial successes were placed on the scene for the first time. International. A reaper produced by Cyrus McCormick received the Grand Medal and Council Medal after a demonstration. Charles Goodyear, discoverer of vulcanization, received a medal for some of his rubber applications.
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Then, in 1712, Thomas Newcomen, a British engineer, made history with his prototype steam engine.
He made the atmospheric steam engine that can be used to pump water from mines. The need for such an invention arose when Newcomen learned of the high operating costs of using horses to pump water from mines.
The steam pump was used in mines to extract water from mining wells. The reason for the limited use was that the engine could only manage about 12 strokes per minute.
The textile industry was booming by the 1700s and the elites were enjoying silk and intricately woven clothing. But the requirements presented a big challenge for the workers, as the spinning process took a long time, especially the hand-woven materials.
British weaver James Hargreaves invented something that revolutionized the textile industry. He invented the Spinning Jenny which considerably reduced the time required to produce yarn from raw materials.
Spinning Jenny allowed a single worker to produce eight strands instead of one thread per work standard.
Thus, the production of a single worker increased to 8 times compared to the production obtained previously.
This is where the heart of the industrial revolution lies. Although the steam engine was built well before the time of James Watt, it produced only reciprocal motion, and to move something like a wheel, a rotary motion was required.
James Watt believed that steam power had an untapped potential that could be applied to countless industrial processes. Also, until Watt's invention, conventional steam engines were slow and inefficient.
James Watt's story is quite interesting as he was always fascinated by stories he heard about steam powered devices. But one day, he got his hands on a Newcomen mechanism and tried to improve its flaws.
He later went to repair the equipment and made his version of the Newcomen engine with a separate capacitor and other useful modifications. The result was a double acting pump that was powerful and fuel efficient.
It was a stepping stone that proved that steam packing is very important and can be used for applications that demand more power.
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