One calendar Accuracy was fundamental to the ancient civilizations. Being able to predict when there would be food, when events climatic would reach the region, when the tide would be high or low, many times this was what determined the survival or disappearance of a people.
This discipline, dominated by the first astronomers, emerged independently in different parts of the world. Even without the direct transmission of this knowledge, many people noticed that they could make predictions of events through the observation of cyclical patterns in the night sky.
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The first records of a calendar come from the sumerians, a civilization that emerged from the Mesopotamia about six millennia ago.
The calendar, which dates from 2700 BC. C., was based on the time between two consecutive new moons. The year, composed of 12 months with 29 or 30 days alternately, had 354 days.
This eleven-day lag per year (and an extra day in leap years) caused an error in forecasting the seasons over the years. This calendar was later improved by the Chaldeans.
You Egyptians used several systems concurrently. They used a "civil" lunar calendar to determine festivities and a solar-based calendar for use in agriculture. Based on the position of the star Sirius during sunrise, they worked out a surprisingly accurate calendar, with 365 days, and thus effectively predicted the flood cycle of the Nilo river.
The system we use, however, has nothing to do with the first calendar. He was adopted in Pomegranate per Julio Cesar in 46 a. W. Like ours, it started on January 1st, predicted leap years and had months of 30 and 31 days, with the exception of February which had 28. It was only 11 minutes and 14 seconds longer than the natural year.
This difference, however, was large enough to add up to ten days in 1582. Because of it, Pope Gregory XIII had to suppress the days from October 5 to 14, 1582, which “did not exist”.
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