what is commune? O meaning of the term Commune, in the broadest sense, is a local community, which can be urban or rural, with relative administrative autonomy, that is, that it is emancipated. It is a feminine noun, and its probable origin comes from the French (common = city).
The term has already been used in two revolutionary governments. Between 1792 and 1794, during the French Revolution, after the fall of the old system of government, a bourgeois movement decided to establish a provisional local government, which was called Commune.
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In 1871, it was the turn of a proletariat movement to install revolutionary power in Paris, in order to improve the living and working conditions of the workers. Named for Paris Commune, this was the first attempt in history to implement a socialist government.
In Italy, the word commune indicates a basic unit of territorial organization, that is, the equivalent of a municipality. In France, commune is the smallest administrative subdivision of the territory. In China, an independent community created by the Chinese Revolution, for the purpose of looking after its interests, like small towns, were called "people's communes".
It can also feature an association made up of several villages to improve agriculture and coordinate work of general interest. In Portugal, accommodations that provide housing and a club for university students are called “university communes”.
In Brazil, the term “commune” is popularly used as a reference to communism, a political and socioeconomic doctrine that advocates an organization based on the collective ownership of the means of production, in order to establish an egalitarian society, without social classes and that is not controlled by a State.
In the context of the Middle Ages, “commune” indicated an association of burghers who had the right to govern themselves. The Communal Movement came from the communes, being a movement organized by the bourgeoisie during the Late Middle Ages. Its objective was to free the cities from feudal rule, mainly due to the collection of taxes by the feudal lords, which hindered the free trade of goods, thus preventing the development commercial.
There were two ways to obtain the emancipation of the cities: through payment of the inhabitants to the suzerains, who granted the “Franchise Charters” that freed cities from their domains, or through wars fought between burghers and lords feudal. Cities that freed themselves from feudal rule, acquiring administrative and economic autonomy, were called “Medieval Communes” or “Frank Cities”.
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