Protein Synthesis: Process and Division of Protein Synthesis

THE protein synthesis or protein synthesis produces proteins that are stored by our DNA, this factor happens in two very complex and united phases, called transcription and translation. Are we going to understand each one of them?

Protein Synthesis Process

In the scenario of protein synthesis, we can include in a biological process in which several steps, these steps basically include the cells producing proteins, this production is determined by DNA,

Let's imagine the Gene in our body, the gene goes through a process in which the gene in our DNA undergoes a reading, from this reading the RNA is formed messenger, the messenger RNA after this formation leaves its nucleus, that is, its comfort zone, it finds the ribosome, among those ribosomes that we mentioned there is the ribosomal RNA, this RNA is very interactive, with that it interacts with the transporter RNA, this whole process has the function of forming the protein. UFA! Quite a process to get to protein, isn't it? Let's show in arrows:

First, the reading of DNAF occurs. Presence of messenger RNAFRNA Ribosome-FRNA transporter, resulting in the formation of proteins after all this interaction.

Do you know the characteristics that we have in our body? Like hair, eyes, mouth, all of this is formed through proteins that are formed in cells. The Gene is a small piece of DNA that carries a specific sequence of nucleic acids, which are enough formations for our cell to produce proteins.

See too: thermal balance.

Protein Synthesis Division

Protein synthesis is divided into two phases, one part takes place in the nucleus and the other part in the cytoplasm.

Transcription: This phase can be called transcription, that is, the gene is transcribed into messenger RNA, the DNA has a double strand, the RNA polymerase enzyme will bind in the DNA until finding the promoter region, this region indicates that a gene is starting its process, when the RNA polymerase finds the non-promoter region, it it opens the DNA strand, that is, it happens to the breaking of hydrogen bonds in the hydrogenated bases of the two strands, one of the strands of this DNA will serve as the strand mold

• The RNA polymerase molecule is manufactured in the 5’ 3’ direction,
• The DNA reading is done in the 3’ and 5’ directions

 Thus, the nitrogenous bases that are free in the nucleus complete the sequence of the adenine strand binds with uracil and joins the messenger RNA strand.

The relationship between the bases are: DNA> RNA, ADENINE (A) >URACILL (U), TIMINE (T) >ADENINE (A), GUANINE (G) > CYTOSINE (C), CYTOSINE (C) > GUANINE (G), For a better understanding, the separation is represented by Colors.

With this modeling reading, the RNA polymerase continues reading our gene, called transcription, until it finds a terminating sequence (indicates that the gene ends there) RNA polymerase detaches itself from the DNA, the messenger RNA strand goes freely to the nucleus of the cytoplasm and our DNA is closed to stay in its original form, this process ends up because the reading and the modeling ends.

There's a problem, the messenger RNA is still in its immature form, so another process is needed to get mature to go into the cell's cytoplasm:

Maturation of messenger RNA: Called RNA processing (Splicing) There are two regulatory functions, the EXONS (functional) and the INTRON (non-functional), both go through a maturation phase, so it is removed from the intron substances, portions, being eliminated then, leaving the exons, when there is this removal, the exons are reorganized in different ways, with this, the protein changes produced. With this process, the Gene was read, transcribed into the mature messenger RNA, it takes information from a gene, leaves the nucleus and finds the transporter ribosome.

Translation: This phase can be divided into points for better understanding:

1. FORMATION OF THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN, WHICH IS NO LONGER THE FORMATION AND UNION OF VARIOUS AMINO ACIDS:

• Ribosome, messenger RNA (Rnam) and transporter RNA (Rnam) come together,
• The transporter RNA carries the amino acids methiotin,
• These amino acids contain the UAC (Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine), the substance responsible for pairing the AUG (adenine, uracil, guanine) codon of the messenger RNA.
• Codon: The codon has the function of indicating that an amino acid sequence started to be encoded in that process, the codon encodes the methiotin amino acid that was transported by the transporter RNA, this function allows all proteins to start with this amino acid: It takes 1 codon that forms 3 nitrogenous bases to produce an amino acid, every protein starts with the amino acid methiotin.
• The ribosome has two subunits, called SITE P AND SITE A
• The transporter RNA carries the peptide chain, this chain lodges in the so-called P Site (protein synthesis),
• And the other transporter RNA is responsible for taking the amino acids present to Site A, this junction allows the entry of other amino acids, thus forming the protein chain
• With the formation of the protein chain, the amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds
• With this connection made, the transporter RNA separates from the amino acid, with this separation the "SITE P" stands alone,
• So the ribosome moves to the next codon, transferring the transporter RNA to the "SITE P" that was alone,
• Thus the "SITE A" is empty, creating the possibility of receiving another messenger transporter with the third amino acid
• With all this functioning, the messenger RNA is traversed by ribosomes, thus reaching a specific termination codon, such as: (UAA, UGA or UAG).

With all this process, the protein is ready to enter its maturation phase, folding into itself.

Here's the image for better understanding:

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