In this post we will share with you a little about the Racism in Brazil: meaning, curiosities, social discrimination, history, texts and writing proposals and texts on racism in Brazil and Bullying (Violence).
Index
Racism is so serious and unfair that it has become one of the biggest concerns of the United Nations. But what is the meaning of this word? check out:
O racism is social discrimination which has as its main basis the concept of different human races, where one is superior or feels superior to the others.
“Racism does not exist in Brazil”. “Brazil is a racial democracy”. Based on both statements, many Brazilian authors have a perspective that ends up denying the existence of a racist culture in our country. One of our main challenges is to overcome the notion that, unlike other races, ours has escaped the harm of discrimination, prejudice and racism.
Brazil considers itself and is considered one of the few “racist democracies” on the planet, which motivated UNESCO, in 1950, to promote a study on the harmonious relations between races in Brazil. The conclusion revealed that we have a multiracial country, where discrimination was tenuous, and we did not escape stratification, as there is strong social inequality between the various racial groups. This covert racism we live with can be expressed in the questions raised by the anthropologist. Lilia Schwarcz in her book “The Spectacle of Races”: (1) Are you prejudiced? 99% of people answered “no”. (2). Do you know someone who is prejudiced? 98% answered “yes”! The first step in recognizing racial issues as relevant issues at the national level is to understand it. as the responsibility of all those who struggle to build a just, egalitarian and fraternal society. To achieve this, it is necessary to break the historical silence of scholars, political parties, intellectual university students and those who operate the law on racial issues. The Federal Constitution of 1988 renewed several provisions in different areas. By criminalizing racism (art. 5, item XLII) also recognized its existence and, consequently, the existence of racial inequalities. The purpose of this article is to concisely discuss the issues surrounding this issue.
No country in the world is totally free from prejudice, discrimination or racism. As Tulio Kahn observes: “the theory of the crossing of races and the belief in Brazilian racial democracy do indeed contribute to the existence of friendly relations between the various racial, ethnic and religious groups - while explicit racism is socially failed in the country... However, for a long time this ideology prevented public recognition of a racial problem in Brazil, which in fact exists, even if secretly expressed”. Such observations explain why 99% of people in Brazil deny being prejudiced and at the same time – always – knowing someone who is.
It should be mentioned, on the other hand, that racism is not an official state policy, like apartheid in South Africa, where there was recognition among the races of the superiority of the white. In this case, there is a nationalized discrimination that is, therefore, legal. Nor is it a semi-official doctrine that unfavorable treatment is given to a person based on his group or racial characteristics. Brazilian racism is a racism that everyone denies, but – at the same time – everyone affirms. Some statistical data can explain these paradoxes.
In the PNAD held in 1999, which contains the most recent and reliable data, 54% of the more than 160 million Brazilians 5.4% declared themselves white, 5.4% declared themselves black (official terminology of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic). Statistics – IBGE) and 39.9% were called mulattos, that is, dark skinned. Of this population, illiteracy rates are: 8.3% white, 21% black and 19.6% mulatto. In other words, blacks are 2.5 times more illiterate than whites.
Whites earn, on average, 5.25 times the minimum wage. Blacks earn 2.43 times the wage with mulattos 2.54 times the minimum wage at the end of each month of work. Therefore, the average income of a white person is more than twice the average income of a black person. Almost 14.6% of blacks are domestic servants. Only 6.1% of whites work in this function (there are two and a half times more blacks than whites who work in this less qualified activity). Among browns, the percentage is 8.4%.
The main Brazilian university, in terms of research, number of students and teaching quality is the University of São Paulo. The way to select students is made through a rigorous entrance exam in which the competition is extremely difficult. At the university, 79.5% of students are white compared to 1% of blacks. Only 6% of students are mulattos, while 12.9% are Oriental. The population of blacks and mulattos in the State of São Paulo is 33.1%, while the yellow population does not exceed 1.8%. Thus, blacks and mulattos are under-represented at the University of São Paulo almost 5 times.
The data above express the correlation between socioeconomic relations and racial aspects. Some interesting data about the justice system and its relationship to races can be gathered. The incarceration rate by racial group in São Paulo is 76.8 for every 100,000 white inhabitants and 140 for every 100,000 mulattoes, increasing to 421 for every 100,000 blacks. This means that a black person is 5.4 times more likely to be in prison than a white person. While whites are underrepresented in São Paulo prisons, blacks are overrepresented. Similar phenomena occur in multiracial countries that have seriously recognizable racial problems. In the US, for example, these rates are 3,785 per 100,000 blacks, 1,773 for Hispanics, and 407 for whites.
According to the Department of Penitentiary Affairs of São Paulo, in a survey carried out in one of its prisons, in 1997, whites, blacks and mulattos had different sentences according to the crimes committed. With homicides, the average sentence for whites was 20.1 years. For mulattoes, this load resulted in 25 years and for blacks 35.7. Furthermore, whites had fewer convictions than blacks. (1.4 convictions against 1.8). This means that, in addition to being convicted more often, their sentences are proportionately longer.
All these data allow us to draw a simple conclusion: whites have better living standards, more access to education, better jobs and wages, they attend public universities more (for free), participate less than blacks in the justice system because they are less prosecuted, imprisoned and condemned. If it is true that after the abolition of slaves we had not erected a new system of racial segregation, with the prohibition of marriages between whites and blacks or the legal prohibition of blacks from attending all white schools, it is also true that this brief list of data shows us that, in racial matters, we are at least a country unfair.
See too: Industrialization in Brazil
The existence of racism follows man. Human feeling has always tried to show its superiority over other animals, in addition to being different from other men considered inferior. In India, in the Code of Manu, the foreigner and the social pariah had no legal equivalence. In Hindu, the cast is “baru”, a word meaning color, which possibly shows some racist sentiments. On the other hand, the Talmud, of the Hebrews, overflows its wisdom on the virtue of humanity. Man should not feel proud or exalted about other things, for if he/she was created by God on the sixth day of the creation process, the mosquito was created before him/her. The Bible teaches us that Moses, the one who delivered the Hebrews, had murmurs of rebuke and disapproval against him from Aaron and Miriam because he married the Ethiopian woman. (Numbers 12.1). Divine compensation would restore justice, even ironically, because “Miriam became leprous, white as snow” (Num 12:10).
If anyone agrees or disagrees with Francois Jacob, Nobel laureate in Biology, when he claims that the concept of race is, for our species, non-operational (which means that the white or black “race” does not exist), we still have to live with racism when, we reaffirm, there are no scientific means that can show the existence of different races in the species human. The words racism, prejudice and discrimination, despite dealing with converging concepts, do not have the same meaning. "With the term racism we understand that it is not a description of the diversity of races or ethnic human groups, carried out by physical anthropology or biology, but a reference to individual behavior to the race to which he belongs and, mainly, the political use of some apparent scientific results, to make us believe in the superiority of a race over the others ". Racism is the claim of white superiority over blacks that makes an idea, according to those who occupy a better position in social status, be allowed to perform acts that reduce or dominate the supposed lower.
Brazil, as a colony of Portugal, always had slavery. Work involving land used slaves with some exceptions. At the beginning of the 19th century, although slavery was adopted by Portugal, which at the time was the Brazilian metropolis, the existence of slave labor was not of interest to the British interested in creating a consumer market in North America. South. At that time, the slave trade was led by Portugal and led the British Crown to pressure the Portuguese to end the slave trade. As of March 25, 1807, trafficking was considered illegal by English subjects and, as of March 1, 1808, a crime against humanity. The main target of these measures was Portugal (and its colonies) where slave labor existed. In 1810, the English forced the Portuguese to sign a “Treaty of Cooperation and Friendship”, signed by Count Linhares and Lord Strangford, in which this matter was mentioned. As the slave trade continued, new pressure from England culminated in the passage of the first Brazilian law against the slave trade, on November 7, 1831.
Text I
LAW No. 7716 OF JANUARY 5, 1989
Defines crimes resulting from racial or color prejudice
Art 1 – In accordance with this Law, crimes resulting from discrimination or prejudice based on race, color, ethnicity, religion or national origin will be punished.
(Available at: www.planalto.gov.br – Accessed on: May 25, 2016. Fragment).
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Text II
Ascending to the condition of free worker, before or after abolition, blacks saw themselves joined to new forms of exploitation that, although better than slavery, only allowed them to integrate in society and in the cultural world, which became his, as a sub-proletariat compelled to exercise its former role, which continued to be mainly that of a service animal. […] The illiteracy, crime and mortality rates of black people are, therefore, the highest, reflecting the failure of society Brazilian in fulfilling, in practice, its professed ideal of a racial democracy that integrates blacks in the condition of undifferentiated citizens of the too much.
(RIBEIRO, D. The Brazilian people: the formation and meaning of Brazil. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 1995. Fragment).
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There are several types, namely, individual racism, institutional racism, cultural racism, primary racism, community racism and ecological racism. Below will be described what each of them means.
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A subject that is directly linked to racism is violence, whether in schools or anywhere in the world. In most cases, it was generated through racism and prejudice.
People often let bullying go unnoticed. Bullying does not only happen in the school environment, it is present on the streets and even at home. We must be careful in the way we express an opinion to our children, as this can be understood from another way and so make the child express it in a way that reprimands their peers at school or in the environment in which they are socializes.
Many cases of bullying lead to death, as it is harmful to the person who is dealing with it, and can cause depression, exclusion from the social environment, leading the individual to suicide. In other cases the act is so violent that the practitioner causes the victim's death. All this is associated with the subject discussed, because what leads a being to perform acts like this is that he thinks he is superior to the other, repressing him in abusive ways.
That's why it is essential that acts like this be refuted, avoiding tragedies. Therefore, the role of parents, school and society as a whole will make a big difference for this to be fought.
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Write an argumentative essay on the theme “Racism: the problem with deep roots in Brazilian society”. Your text should:
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